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Biographies and indeas of islamic scientists

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1. AL-KINDI

     Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (Arabic: أبو يوسف يعقوب بن إسحاق الصبّاح الكندي , Latin: Alkindus) (born: 801 - died: 873), known as the first philosopher born from Islam. During his lifetime, apart from being able to speak Arabic, he was fluent in Greek. He translated many works of Greek philosophers into Arabic; including the works of Aristotle and Plotinos. Unfortunately, there is a work by Plotinus which he translated as Aristotle's work entitled Theology according to Aristotle, which later caused a bit of confusion.
     He was an Arab philosopher and is seen as the first Muslim philosopher. Ethnically, al-Kindi was born into a family of Arab blood originating from the Kindah tribe, one of the large tribes of the South Arabian Peninsula. One of al-Kindi's strengths was presenting Greek philosophy to Muslims after first converting these foreign thoughts to Islam.
     According to al-Kindi, the real function of philosophy is not to challenge the truth of revelation or to claim presumptuous superiority or demand equality with revelation. Philosophy must not claim to be the highest path to truth and be willing to humble itself as a support for revelation.
     According to al-Kindi, religion and philosophy cannot possibly conflict. Apart from being a revelation, religion also uses reason, and philosophy also uses reason. Regarding the nature of God, Al-Kindi emphasized that God is a true (true) being, which is not originally non-existent, it is always impossible not to exist, it has always existed and will always exist.
     Al-Kindi collected various philosophical works encyclopedically, which were then completed by Ibn Sina Avicenna a century later. He was also the first figure to face various cruel acts and torture carried out by religious-orthodox nobles against various thoughts that were considered heresy and in such tragic circumstances (against great Islamic thinkers), al Kindi was able to free himself from these cruel efforts. those religious-orthodox nobles.

2. AL-FARABI
     Abū Nasir Muhammad bin al-Farakh al-Fārābi' (870-950), Turkic: Farabi, Persian: محمد فارابی ) short Al-Farabi is an Islamic scientist and philosopher from Farab, Kazakhstan. He is also known by the name Abū Nasir al-Fārābi (in some sources he is known as Abu Nasr Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Tarkhan Ibn Uzalah Al-Farabi, also known in the western world as Alpharabius, Al-Farabi, Farabi, and Abunasir.
    Al-Farabi was an accomplished commentator on Greek philosophy in the Islamic world. Although he most likely could not be, he knew the Greek philosophers; Plato, Aristotle and Plotinus well. His contributions lie in various fields such as mathematics, philosophy, medicine, and even music. Al-Farabi has written various books on sociology and an important book on music, the Buku al-Musiqa. Apart from that, he can also play and has created various musical instruments.
    Some say Al-Farabi was a follower of the Shiite Imamiyah, but this opinion is not strong and is only based on a text in one of his works which says a philosopher-king is the same as an imam. This is also supported by the fact that Al-Farabi was forced to flee to Aleppo in 330 AH/945 AD when the Buyid dynasty which tended to be Shia conquered Baghdad which was Sunni.

      AL-FARBI'S WORKS

        Among his essays are:

  1. Aghradlu ma Ba'da at-Thabi'ah.
  2. Al-Jam'u baina Ra'yai al-Hakimain (Reconciling the Opinions of Two Philosophers; meaning Plato and Aristotle).
  3. Tahsil as-Sa'adah (Searching for Happiness).
  4. 'Uyun al-Masail (Main issues).
  5. Ara-u Ahl-il Madinah al-Fadhilah (Thoughts of the Residents of the Main City of the Main Country).
  6. Ih-sha'u al-Ulum (Statistics Science) 
     Al-Farabi was a Muslim philosopher in the truest sense. He has created a relatively complete philosophical system, and has played an important role in the development of philosophical thought in the Islamic world. According to him, the aim of philosophy is to think about truth, because there is only one truth, there is no other. AlFarabi believes that religion and philosophy are not contradictory, in fact they both bring truth.
     Al-Farabi was the first Islamic philosopher who attempted to confront, relate and as far as possible harmonize classical Greek political philosophy with Islam and attempted to make it understandable in the context of revealed religions.

3. IBNU SINA
     Ibn Sina (980-1037), also known as "Avicenna" in the Western world, was a philosopher, scientist and doctor born in Persia (now Iran). He was also a prolific writer whose works were mostly on philosophy and medicine. To many, he is the "Father of Modern Medicine". His most famous work is al-Qānūn fī aṭ-Ṭibb which has been a reference in the field of medicine for centuries.
Ibn Sina's full name was Abū 'Alī al-Husayn bin 'Abdullāh bin Sīnā (Persian: ابوعلى سينا Abu Ali Sina, Arabic: أبو علي الحسين بن عبد الله بن س ينا). Ibn Sina was born in 980 in the Afsyahnah area near Bukhara, now Uzbekistan and died in June 1037 in Hamadan, Persia (Iran). Since childhood, Ibn Sina began studying the Koran and literature, approximately before he was 10 years old.
     A number of theories have been proposed regarding Ibn Sina's madhab (Islamic thought). The medieval historian Zahir al-din al-Baihaqi (d. 1169) considered Ibn Sina to be a follower of the Ikhwan al-Safa. On the other hand, Dimitri Gutas together with Aisha Khan and Jules J. Janssens show that Avicenna was a Hanafi Sunni. However, the 14th century Shia faqih Nurullah Shushtari according to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, stated that he was most likely a Twelver Shiite madhab. In contrast, Sharaf Khorasani, citing the rejection of an invitation from the Sunni Governor Sultan Mahmud Ghazanavi by Ibn Sina at his court, believes that Ibn Sina was Ismaili. Similar differences of opinion exist on Avicenna's family background, while some authors consider them Sunni, others consider him Shiite.
     According to his autobiography, Ibn Sina had memorized the entire Koran by the age of 10. He learned Indian arithmetic from the Indian greengrocer Mahmoud Massahi and he began to learn more from a scholar who earned his living by healing the sick and teaching young people. He also studied Fiqh (Islamic law) under the Sunni Hanafi scholar Ismail al-Zahid.
     He is the author of 450 books on several major subjects. Many of them focus on philosophy and medicine. " George Sarton called Ibn Sina "the most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous in all fields, places and times". His most famous work is the Book of Healing and the Qanun on Medicine (Al-Qanun fi At Tibb).

Ibn Sina's famous writings are:

  1. Ash-Syifa. This book is Ibn Sina's most important and greatest philosophical book, and consists of four parts, namely: logic, physics, mathematics, and metaphysics (divinity).
  2. An-Najat. This book is a summary of as-Syifa's book, and was published together with the book al-Qanun in medical science in 1593 AD in Rome and in 1331 AD in Egypt.
  3. Al-Isil wat-Tanbihat. This book was the last and best book, and was published in Leiden in 1892 AD, and part of it was translated into French.
  4. Al-Hikmat al-Masyriqiyyah. This book has been discussed by many people, because the meaning of the book's title is unclear, and the surviving manuscripts contain a logic section.
  5. Al-Qanun, or Canon of Medicine, according to Westerners. This book was translated into Latin and was the standard book for European universities until the end of the seventeenth century AD.
Ibn Sina's life was full of busy work and composition; It is also full of the joys and bitterness of living together, and perhaps this situation has caused him to suffer from an illness that cannot be treated anymore. In 428 AH (1037 AD), he died in Hamadzan, at the age of 58 years.

4. AL-GHAZALI
    Abu Hamid Muhammad bin Muhammad al Ghazali ath-Thusi ash-Syafi'i (born in Thus; 1058 / 450 H – died in Thus; 1111 / 14 Jumadil Akhir 505 H; aged 52–53 years) was a Persian Muslim philosopher and theologian , known as Algazel in the Medieval West.

    He was nicknamed Abu Hamid because one of his children was named Hamid.] His title al-Ghazali ath-Thusi was related to his father who worked as a goat hair spinner and his birthplace was Ghazalah in Bandar Thus, Khurasan, Persia (now Iran). Meanwhile, the title ash-Shafi'i indicates that he belongs to the Shafi'i sect. He comes from a poor family. His father had high aspirations, namely that he wanted his son to become a pious and pious person. Imam Al-Ghazali was a leading Islamic scholar, thinker and philosopher who made many contributions to the development of human progress. He once held the position of Vice Chancellor at Madrasah Nizhamiyah, a center for higher education in Baghdad. Imam Al-Ghazali died on Jumadil 14, 505 Hijriah, the same time as 1111 AD in Thus. His body was buried at his birthplace.

Al-Ghazali's works

Sufism

  1.  Ihya Ulumuddin (Awakening of the Religious Sciences), is his famous work
  2. Kimiya as-Sa'adah (The Chemistry of Happiness)
  3. Misykah al-Anwar (The Niche of Lights)

Philosophy

  1. Maqasid al-Falasifah
  2. Tahafut al-Falasifah, this book discusses the weaknesses of the philosophers of that time, which were then responded to by Ibnu Rushd

Logic

  1. Mi`yar al-Ilm (The Standard Measure of Knowledge)
  2. Al-Qistas al-Mustaqim (The Just Balance)
  3. Mihakk al-Nazar fi al-Manthiq (The Touchstone of Proof in Logic)

    Imam al-Ghazali had a strong memory and was wise in mujjah. He was nicknamed Hujjatul Islam because of his abilities. He was highly respected in the two Islamic worlds, namely the Seljuq and Abbasids, which were the centers of Islamic greatness. He succeeded in mastering various fields of science. Imam al-Ghazali really loved science. He was also able to leave all the luxuries of life to travel and wander and leave the pleasures of life in order to seek knowledge. Before he began his journey, he had studied the works of renowned Sufi masters such as al-Junaid Sabili and Bayazid Busthami. Imam al-Ghazali has been wandering for 10 years. He has visited holy places in the vast Islamic regions such as Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem and Egypt. He is famous as an Islamic philosopher who has made the name of the ulama in Europe famous through his very high quality work. Since childhood, he has been educated with noble morals. This causes him to hate riya, pretentious, arrogant, arrogant and other despicable traits. He is very strong in worship, wara', zuhud and is not fond of luxury, falsehood, splendor and looking for something to get the pleasure of Allah SWT.

5. IBNU RUSYD

    Ibn Rushd (Arabic: ابن رشد‎; Full Arabic name: أبو الوليد محمد ابن احمد ابن رشد, translit. Abu Al-Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Rushd‎; 1126 – 1 1 December 1198), often Latinized as Averroes, was a philosopher and thinker from Al-Andalus who wrote in scientific disciplines, including philosophy, Islamic creed or theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, Islamic jurisprudence or law, and linguistics. His philosophical works include many commentaries, paraphrases, and summaries of Aristotle's works, which earned him the nickname "The Commentator" in the western world. During his lifetime, Ibnu Rushd also served as a judge and palace doctor for the Muwahhidun Caliphate.
    According to classic biographies, Ibn Rushd received a special education, starting from studying Hadith, fiqh (Islamic law), medicine and the science of faith (Islamic theology). His fiqh teacher was Al-Hafiz Abu Muhammad ibn Rizq who belonged to the Maliki school of thought and his hadith teacher was Ibn Basykuwal, who was a student of his grandfather. He also studied fiqh from his father, who taught him Imam Malik's Muwatta, the most famous Maliki textbook, which Ibn Rushd later memorized. His medical teacher was Abu Jafar Jarim at-Tajail, who probably also taught him philosophy. He also studied the works of Ibn Bajjah (also known as Avempace) who may also have been one of his teachers. He attended regular meetings of philosophers, doctors and writers in the city of Seville, which were also attended by the philosophers Ibn Thufail and Ibnu Zuhri as well as Abu Yusuf Yaqub who would later become caliph. The young Ibn Rushd also studied aqidah or kalam theology from the Ash'ariyah School, although later he would criticize this school. According to the 13th century writer Ibn al-Abbar, Ibn Rushd was more interested in the science of law and ushul fiqh (rules of law) than in the science of hadith and sunnah. One of his specialties is the issue of ikhtilaf or differences of opinion in Islamic law. Ibn Al-Abbar also mentioned the young Ibn Rushd's interest in "the sciences of the ancients" (al-'ulum al-awa'il), which probably means the natural sciences and philosophy developed by Greek scientists.

    Ibn Rushd was born in Cordoba to a family that produced famous judges; his grandfather was qadhi al-qudhat (chief judge) and a famous jurist in the city. In 1169 he met the caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf, who was impressed by Ibn Rushd's knowledge. The caliph then supported Ibn Rushd and many of Ibnu Rushd's works were projects he commissioned. Ibnu Rushd also served several times as judge in Seville and Cordoba. In 1182, he was appointed court physician and chief judge in Cordoba. After Abu Yusuf's death in 1184, he remained on good terms with the court, until 1195 when he was subjected to various politically motivated accusations. The court then decided that his teachings were heretical and Ibnu Rushd was exiled to Lucena. After several years in exile, the palace called him back to work, but it didn't last long because Ibnu Rushd died.

Of his more important books and which have come down to us are four, viz

  1. Bidayatul Mujtahid, science of jurisprudence. This book is of high value, because it contains a comparison of schools of thought (schools) in fiqh by stating the reasons for each.
  2. Faslul-Maqal fi ma baina al-Hikmati was-Syari'at min al-Ittisal (science of kalam). This book is intended to show the existence of harmony between philosophy and Shari'a, and was translated into German in 1895 AD by Muler, an orientalist from Germany.
  3. Manahijul Adillah fi Aqaidi Ahl al-Millah (science of kalam). This book describes the founding of kalam schools of science and their weaknesses, and was translated into German, also by Muler, in 1895 AD. 101
  4. Tahafut at-Tahafut, a book that is famous in the fields of philosophy and kalam science, and was included to defend philosophy from attacks by al-Ghazali in his book Tahafut al-Falasifah. The book Tahafut at-Tahafut was translated into German several times, and its translation into English by van den Berg was published in 1952 AD.

    Ibn Rushd was the strongest figure in Islamic thought, the most profound in his views, the greatest in his defense of reason and philosophy, so that he truly became a philosopher of thought among Muslims. In the outline of his philosophy, he followed Aristotle and tried to bring out his true thoughts from the gaps in Aristotle's words and his comments.


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